If the SINGLE option is not used, PROC MODEL computes values that simultaneously satisfy the model equations for the variables named in the SOLVE statement. PROC MODEL provides three iterative methods ...

Electromagnetic integral equations offer a powerful framework for modelling wave propagation and scattering phenomena by recasting Maxwell’s equations into formulations involving integrals over ...

Fuzzy Fredholm integral equations represent a class of mathematical problems in which uncertainty is incorporated directly into the model via fuzzy numbers. These equations extend the classical ...

Many nonlinear option pricing problems can be formulated as optimal control problems, leading to Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) or Hamilton– Jacobi–Bellman–Isaacs (HJBI) equations. We show that such ...