Modulation is the act of translating some low-frequency or baseband signal (voice, music, and data) to a higher frequency. Why do we modulate signals? There are at least two reasons: to allow the ...

Index modulation (IM) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems represents a transformative approach in modern communications. This technique utilises the indices of active ...

The key parameters of the FSS technique and their impact on EMI performance. How to evaluate FSS performance using simulation, ICs, and a signal generator. Frequency spread spectrum (FSS) is a ...

For high-speed and large-capacity optical communication applications and improvement of accuracy in microwave generation and evaluation equipment Results: NTT and their partners have developed a ...

Oscilloscope measurement parameters provide accurate measurements of acquired waveforms. Most digital oscilloscopes offer around twenty-five standard parameters like frequency, peak-to-peak amplitude, ...

When characterizing jitter performance, it is common to measure jitter output of a transmitter and jitter tolerance of a receiver. When measuring jitter tolerance, various quantities of intersymbol ...

Optical frequency combs have revolutionized technologies such as atomic clocks, spectroscopy, and ultra-fast lasers by acting as precise bridges between optical and microwave frequencies. As the ...