Author’s note: This article shows how to derive circuit gain equations via a signal flow graph. With practice you may be able to write a gain equation by locating signal paths and loops in the ...

The theory of electric circuits is governed by Kirchhoff's laws: the sum of the currents flowing to a node is zero, and the net voltage drop around a closed loop is zero. In addition to Kirchhoff's ...

There are standard techniques to generate negative output voltages, and there are well-known approaches to dynamically adjust an output voltage. The missing link that I hope to address in this article ...

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 116, No. 15 (April 9, 2019), pp. 7503-7512 (10 pages) Type 1 estrogen receptor-expressing neurons in the ...

For the development of dynamic systems in electrical engineering, control engineering, and even mechatronics, the steady-state response at the output of the system to harmonic excitation (sinusoidal ...