Objective: To determine the comparative effectiveness of common pleural drainage procedures for treatment of pneumonia complicated by parapneumonic effusion (ie, complicated pneumonia). Design: ...

Chest tube drainage is the first step in the management of complicated pleural effusions that have turned into empyema. In cases where adequate drainage cannot be provided or deloculation is required, ...

This multicenter study is the largest to evaluate the management of children hospitalized with complicated pneumonia. We found considerable variation in initial management and outcomes across ...