The towering peaks of the Southern Andes are not just shaping the skyline of South America—they are also quietly influencing Earth's atmosphere. Chemical weathering, the process at the heart of this ...

During the Ordovician period, the concentration of CO2 in the earth's atmosphere was about eight times higher than today. It has been hard to explain why the climate cooled and why the Ordovician ...

The surface of Mars is desiccated, cold, and oxidized today. However, ancient parts of the crust contain hundreds of channel networks and dry lakes that must have formed in a warmer and wetter climate ...

For many hundreds of millions of years, the average temperature at the surface of the Earth has varied by not much more than 20 degrees Celsius, facilitating life on our planet. To maintain such ...

Plastic pollution is a burgeoning threat to our planet 1,2, with approximately 8.7 billion tonnes of plastic waste produced between 1950 and 2021 3. Plastics undergo dynamic weathering in the ...

Sandbars swirl beneath Oregon Inlet in Cape Hatteras National Seashore on North Carolina's Outer Banks. Waves driven by ocean winds can cause the sandbars here to shift and change literally by the ...